中国视角:
1972 年,中美两国共同发布《上海公报》。当时双方的分歧很大,但为了应对共同的敌人,决定要破冰合作。所以公报中更多是各自立场陈述,先是就亚洲各国局势分别点评,然后就台湾问题各自表达,最后说虽然如此,但我们还是要向前看扩大合作。其中第11、12条内容是:
11.The two sides reviewed the long-standing serious disputes between China and the United States. The Chinese side reaffirmed its position: the Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China’s internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all US forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of “one China, one Taiwan”, “one China, two governments”, “two Chinas”, an “independent Taiwan” or advocate that “the status of Taiwan remains to be determined”.
12.The US side declared: The United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Government does not challenge that position. It reaffirms its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese themselves. With this prospect in mind, it affirms the ultimate objective of the withdrawal of all US forces and military installations from Taiwan. In the meantime, it will progressively reduce its forces and military installations on Taiwan as the tension in the area diminishes. The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples. To this end, they discussed specific areas in such fields as science, technology, culture, sports and journalism, in which people-to-people contacts and exchanges would be mutually beneficial. Each side undertakes to facilitate the further development of such contacts and exchanges.
11.双方回顾了中美之间长期存在的重大分歧。中方重申:台湾问题是阻碍中美关系正常化的核心问题;中华人民共和国政府是代表中国的唯一合法政府;台湾是中国的一个省,早已回到祖国;解放台湾是中国的内政,任何国家无权干涉;所有美军及其军事设施必须从台湾撤出。中国政府坚决反对任何企图制造“一个中国、一个台灣”“一个中国、两个政府”“两个中国”“台独”,或主张“台湾地位未定”的行径。
12.美方声明:美国注意到台湾海峡两岸的所有中国人都坚持一个中国,台湾是中国的一部分。美国政府不对这一立场提出异议。美方重申,希望台湾问题由中国人自行以和平方式解决。在此前提下,美方确认其最终目标是撤走在台湾的全部美军及军事设施。在此期间,美方将随着地区紧张局势的缓解逐步减少驻台军力和设施。双方同意应扩大两国人民之间的相互了解。为此,双方讨论了科技、文化、体育、新闻等具体领域的合作,在这些领域开展民间往来与交流将对双方都有利。双方承诺为此类交流与往来的进一步发展提供便利。
1979年两国正式建交,在《中美建交公报》中有两段分别提到台湾:
The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan.
…
The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.
美利坚合众国承认中华人民共和国政府是代表中国的唯一合法政府。在此框架下,美国人民将同台湾人民保持文化、经贸及其他非官方关系。
…
美利坚合众国政府注意到中方的立场,即中国只有一个,台湾是中国的一部分。
注意这两段分别使用 recognizes 和 acknowledges,但在中文官方译文中都被处理为“承认”。
美利坚合众国承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府。在此范围内,美国人民将同台湾人民保持文化、商务和其他非官方关系。
…
美利坚合众国政府承认中国的立场,即只有一个中国,台湾是中国的一部分。
这一细微差异,正是“一个中国原则”与“一个中国政策”之间的关键分水岭。
1982年为了解决美国对台军售问题,中美双方签署的《八一七公报》中开头第1条是:
1. In the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on January 1, 1979, issued by the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China, the United States of America recognized the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, and it acknowledged the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China. Within that context, the two sides agreed that the people of the United States would continue to maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. On this basis, relations between the United States and China were normalized.
1. 在美利坚合众国政府和中华人民共和国政府于 1979 年 1 月 1 日发表的《中美建交公报》中,美国承认中华人民共和国政府是代表中国的唯一合法政府,并注意到中方关于“世界上只有一个中国、台湾是中国的一部分”的立场。在此框架下,双方同意美国人民将继续同台湾人民保持文化、经贸及其他非官方关系。基于这一前提,中美关系实现了正常化。
基于这三份公报中的中方表述,形成了我国的一个中国原则One China Principle。
台湾与美国视角:
1979年为了解决断交后的双边关系问题,美国国会通过了《与台湾关系法》,主要是厘清美国在台协会的功能问题,开头描述美国政策部分有这么几段:
to make clear that the United States decision to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China rests upon the expectation that the future of Taiwan will be determined by peaceful means;
to consider any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States;
to provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character; and
to maintain the capacity of the United States to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or the social or economic system, of the people on Taiwan.
明确的说,美国决定与中华人民共和国建立外交关系,是基于这样一种预期——台湾的前途将以和平方式解决;
认为任何企图以非和平方式(包括封锁或禁运)来决定台湾前途的努力,都是对西太平洋地区和平与安全的威胁,并将引起美国的严重关切;
向台湾提供防御性武器;以及
保持美国具备抵抗任何以武力或其他胁迫方式危及台湾人民安全、社会制度或经济制度的能力。
1982年因为期望解决对台军售问题的《八一七公报》,时任美国总统里根通过美国在台协会向蒋经国做了六点保证:
1. The United States has not agreed to set a date for ending arms sales to Taiwan.
2. The United States has not agreed to consult with the PRC on arms sales to Taiwan.
3. The United States will not play a mediation role between Taipei and Beijing.
4. The United States has not agreed to revise the Taiwan Relations Act.
5. The United States has not altered its position regarding sovereignty over Taiwan.
6. The United States will not exert pressure on Taiwan to enter into negotiations with the PRC.
美国并未同意就终止对台军售设定日期。
美国并未同意就对台军售事宜与中华人民共和国进行磋商。
美国不会在台北与北京之间扮演调解角色。
美国并未同意修改《与台湾关系法》。
美国未改变其在台湾主权问题上的立场。
美国不会对台湾施加压力,要求其与中华人民共和国进行谈判。
这两者构成了台美关系的基础。
这两者和中美三个联合公报一起,构成了美国的一个中国政策One China Policy。
8月2日佩洛西抵台同期其办公室发布声明的最后一段是这样的:
Our visit is one of several Congressional delegations to Taiwan – and it in no way contradicts longstanding United States policy, guided by the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979, U.S.-China Joint Communiques and the Six Assurances. The United States continues to oppose unilateral efforts to change the status quo.
我们此次访问属于美国国会代表团常年多次例行赴台访问的一部分——这一行为丝毫不代表美国政策有所偏离。美国的对台政策始终以 1979 年《与台湾关系法》、中美多个联合公报以及“六项保证”为依据。美国将继续反对任何单方面改变现状的举动。
在拜登执政时期,也多次重申了这一立场,并未有突破之言。
日本视角:
1895年的《马关条约》,清政府割让台澎给日本,第一、二款内容:
第一款 中國認明朝鮮國確為完全無缺之獨立自主。故凡有虧損獨立自主體制,即如該國向中國所修貢獻典禮等,嗣後全行廢絕。
第二款 中國將管理下開地方之權倂將該地方所有堡壘、軍器、工厰及一切屬公物件,永遠讓與日本:
一、下開劃界以内之奉天省南邊地方。從鴨綠江口溯該江以抵安平河口,又從該河口劃至鳳凰城、海城及營口而止,畫成折線以南地方;所有前開各城市邑,皆包括在劃界線內。該線抵營口之遼河後,即順流至海口止,彼此以河中心為分界。
遼東灣東岸及黃海北岸在奉天省所屬諸島嶼,亦一倂在所讓境內。
二、臺灣全島及所有附屬各島嶼。
三、澎湖列島。即英國格林尼次東經百十九度起、至百二十度止及北緯二十三度起、至二十四度之間諸島嶼。
其中辽东半岛的割让随后引发俄、法、德三国干涉。同年 11 月 8 日,中日又签署《辽南条约》:日本同意归还辽东半岛,但清政府需支付三千万两白银“赎辽费”作为补偿。
再往后到日本放弃台湾的 1951 年《旧金山合约》,由日本与 48 国签署,用于解决日本战后责任与国际地位。合约生效后,日本结束 7 年盟军占领,恢复正常国家地位。其第二款规定,日本放弃对朝鲜半岛、台澎、千岛群岛与库页岛南部、太平洋诸岛、南沙和西沙等的一切权利及主张,但并未明确台澎的主权归属。
(a) Japan recognizing the independence of Korea, renounces all right, title and claim to Korea, including the islands of Quelpart, Port Hamilton and Dagelet.
(b) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.
(c) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5, 1905.
(d) Japan renounces all right, title and claim in connection with the League of Nations Mandate System, and accepts the action of the United Nations Security Council of April 2, 1947, extending the trusteeship system to the Pacific Islands formerly under mandate to Japan.
(e) Japan renounces all claim to any right or title to or interest in connection with any part of the Antarctic area, whether deriving from the activities of Japanese nationals or otherwise.
(f) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Spratly Islands and to the Paracel Islands.
(a) 日本承认朝鲜的独立,并放弃对朝鲜的一切权利、所有权与要求,包括对济州岛、巨文岛(Port Hamilton)和郁陵岛(Dagelet)的权利主张。
(b) 日本放弃对台湾及澎湖列岛的一切权利、所有权与要求。
(c) 日本放弃对千岛群岛,以及对因 1905 年 9 月 5 日《朴茨茅斯条约》而取得主权的库页岛部分地区及其相邻岛屿的一切权利、所有权与要求。
(d) 日本放弃与国际联盟“委任统治制度”有关的一切权利、所有权与要求,并接受联合国安全理事会于 1947 年 4 月 2 日作出的,将日本原受托的太平洋诸岛纳入托管制度的决定。
(e) 日本放弃对南极地区任何部分的任何权利、所有权与利益主张,无论该主张源自日本国民的活动或其他原因。
(f) 日本放弃对南沙群岛及西沙群岛的一切权利、所有权与要求。
因为英美的原因,中华人民共和国和中华民国都不是《旧金山合约》的签署国。其中第二十六款要求日本有义务在3年内与未签署本多边和平协议的国家签署双边和平协议。
Japan will be prepared to conclude with any State which signed or adhered to the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942, and which is at war with Japan, or with any State which previously formed a part of the territory of a State named in Article 23, which is not a signatory of the present Treaty, a bilateral Treaty of Peace on the same or substantially the same terms as are provided for in the present Treaty, but this obligation on the part of Japan will expire three years after the first coming into force of the present Treaty. Should Japan make a peace settlement or war claims settlement with any State granting that State greater advantages than those provided by the present Treaty, those same advantages shall be extended to the parties to the present Treaty.
日本愿意与下列国家缔结双边和平条约,其条款应与本条约所规定者相同或基本相同:凡签署或加入 1942 年 1 月 1 日《联合国家宣言》并与日本处于战争状态的国家;以及凡原属本条约第二十三条所列国家领土、但未成为本条约缔约国的国家。惟日本承担此义务的期限为本条约首次生效之日起三年内。若日本与任何国家达成的和平解决或战争索赔解决给予该国的利益超过本条约所规定的待遇,则这些利益应同等适用于本条约各缔约国。
基于此,中华民国和日本在1952年签署了《中日合约》,结束中日战争状态,处理台澎居民的日本国籍问题等,其中第二条是:
茲承認依照公曆一千九百五十一年九月八日在美利堅合衆國金山市簽訂之對日和平條約 (以下簡稱金山和約) 第二條,日本國業已放棄對於臺灣及澎湖羣島以及南沙羣島及西沙羣島之一切權利、權利名義與要求。
同样没有明确台澎的主权归属,日方的说法是其已在《旧金山和约》中放弃了台澎主权,因此失去了处分权。
1972年中华人民共和国与日本建交,《中日联合声明》中第2、3条内容是:
(二)日本国政府承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府。
(三)中华人民共和国政府重申:台湾是中华人民共和国领土不可分割的一部分。日本国政府充分理解和尊重中国政府的这一立场,并坚持遵循波茨坦公告第八条的立场。
其中《波茨坦公告》是1945年中美英三国促令日本投降的公告,其第八条是:
(8) The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine.
(8)《开罗宣言》的条款应予执行,日本的主权应限于本州、北海道、九州、四国及我们所决定的若干小岛。
又其中《开罗宣言》是中美英在1943年的对日宣言,其中内容有这么一句:
The Three Great Allies are fighting this war to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan. They covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion. It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed. The aforesaid three great powers, mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, are determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent.
三大盟国进行这场战争,是为了遏制并惩罚日本的侵略行为。三国无意为自身谋取利益,亦无意进行领土扩张。三国的宗旨是:凡日本自 1914 年第一次世界大战开始以来在太平洋上所夺取或占领的一切岛屿,均应从日本剥夺;日本从中国窃取的所有领土,例如满洲、台湾及澎湖列岛,均应归还中华民国。日本亦应被逐出其以武力与贪欲所攫取的其他一切领土。上述三大强国,鉴于朝鲜人民长期遭受奴役,决心在适当时候使朝鲜获得自由与独立。
在中日建交后,日本认为《中日合约》即已失效。
我国不承认《旧金山条约》的合法性。
著名的联合国2758号决议
恢复中国在联合国席位的 2758 号决议异常朴实。文本里既没提中华民国,也没提台湾,而是使用“蒋介石的代表”这一表述。仅从这句措辞,就能想见当时场内外的角力,以及隐藏其后的文字智慧。





